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	© PMcS 2006

September


	common wasp feeding on ivy

This month look for:

Birds migrating to sunnier climes
Estuaries for the return of over wintering birds
Hedgerows for berries, late butterflies and small birds
Dragonflies and damselflies near water
Fungi appearing in woodlands and grasslands
Bats still on the wing

In September the tide turns from Summer to Autumn, though the weather can still be delightful. Morning mists hang low in steep sided valleys and cloak the meadows; gossamer webs are laden with ephemeral pearls.

Autumn will bring great changes. Many plants die back to their storage roots below ground, overwinter as seeds or remain as a shadow of their former self above ground; deciduous trees and shrubs loose their leaves to protect them from the winter when the ground may be frozen and water scarce; animals fatten up for their winter hibernation, insect numbers decline massively as adults of many species die to leave the caterpillars or pupae to survive the winter; summer breeding birds move to their wintering grounds in Africa where they can be sure of food, whereas birds from the north descend in their thousands to the countryside, estuaries and even gardens of Britain. This is the month when these changes start, but it is not until November when Autumn comes to a conclusion.

By September the horse-chestnut trees (conker tress) have been showing signs of the changing season for several weeks, already with their large palmate leaves browning at the edges like they have passed too near to a naked flame. The horse-chestnut also yields up its seeds this month in the form of conkers which drop to the ground in their spiky green cases. The conker seed possesses a skin that, when fresh, looks like the finest wood veneer, with a rich brown and shiny grain. Other tree species such as ash, beech and sweet chestnut are also turning with tinges of yellow, orange and light green tinges.


	rose hips		hawthorn haws

The hedgerows are full of ripening berries with hawthorn haws and rose hips shining red, while sloes, blackberries and elderberries are midnight black. Some trees yield their seeds up with wings such as field maple, ash and sycamore. The wings help the seeds to float away from the parent tree where it has more chance of germinating with less competition. Acorns have no such help and fall directly below the parent. However the acorns have an exclusive set of allies. Jays and grey squirrels pick these up and stash them in the ground to get them through the harsh winter to come. Not all are found again however, and with a lot of luck these may germinate to grow into new oak trees, which bear their own fruit.


	common wasp

Certain insects are noticeable at this time of year. Around the time of the harvest in August onwards the craneflies (or daddy-long-legs) appear in their greatest numbers and seemingly fly in a hap hazard rather inebriated way. The craneflies' legs break off easily as a way of escaping predators (including small boys). The larval stage of this family of insects (there are many species) is known as a leatherjackets. It is a destructive maggot like larva which feeds on cereal and other roots, but which is an important food source for many birds.

On sunny days on riverbanks and in areas of wetland, a real highlight of early September are the large dragonflies. They hunt for insects moving with great agility and speed, darting one way and then the other, sometimes defending territories. They are hardly ever still, but do sometimes alight on a prominent leaf or stem, only to dash out once more. The stunning darter dragonfly, the red common sympetrum can be quite tolerant of close inspection and this group is less restless than the hawkers, but approach quietly. The enormous hawker type dragonflies, such as the common aeshna, are always on the move and are more wary.


	a darter dragonfly

Ivy is one of the few late flowering plants and the nectar forms an important food sources for bees and wasps. There are seven different wasp species in Britain. Common and German wasps seemingly suddenly appear in September but this is because their pattern of obtaining food has changed. Their summer past time of killing insects to feed to the larvae in the nest has come to an end (the larvae provide a sweet saliva in return). This is because their queen has now stopped laying eggs and the food incentive has gone. As a result they then move onto other sweet substitutes, such as the sugars of fallen fruit or the jam in your picnic sandwiches. Unfortunately it is now that wasps, with their ability to sting and not die, become particularly unpopular in the garden.

Of the many fungi of note, one that you may smell before you see, is the rather shocking stinkhorn. Follow your nose to seek out this species in the woodlands where it thrives. The rancid smell attracts flies which feed on the sticky tip and carry off the fungus's spores to a new location. A rather more attractive species is the edible giant puff ball which can be found, if you are lucky. littering permanent pastures, by the dozen. This species grows to an enormous size and eventually dies to yield its many spores when it is ruptured, maybe by a passing cow!


	stinkhorn		giant puffball

The birds have now stopped moulting and are in their winter plumage. Family groups are often still together with some young pestering the adults for handouts. Many small birds however such as tits, chiffchaffs and others move through countryside together in flocks helping each other find food. Whilst this month there is no difficulty in uncovering insects, later in the year food will become harder to find. By moving together prey is disturbed out of its hiding place and anything missed by one bird will be found by others. On warm days it may be possible to hear warblers (e.g. willow warblers) sing once again.

Habitats and species

Parks and gardens: They birds are starting to make their presence known once more now that the moult is over. Some, such as the great and bluetits will regularly call to one another. The smaller birds are often in family parties and the youngsters may be told apart from the adults by their less developed colouration, such as the greenfinches. Start feeding the birds any time now, although food is plentiful this month.

Woodlands (including wood pasture):

Arable and hedgerows: Where there is still wheat that remains unharvested the occasional arable weed such as poppy or scentless mayweed may still manage to flower.


	poppies in wheat

Road verges: Most of the summer flowers are now over or fading, but some make this time of year their own and are appreciated for it that much more. The yellow common toadflax and fleabane flowers grow in scattered clumps in road verges. The lesser bindweed is still making headway climbing up any available shrub or through the stems of the grasses. In general though the verges are looking ragged with dead grass seed heads, etiolated nettles and the skeletons of cow parsleys and hogweed.


	fleabane		lesser bindweed

Chalk and limestone grasslands: These grasslands have now peaked. Some late species such as Autumn gentian and the beautiful acid yellow autumn hawkbits are flowering however.


	autumn gentian		purple loosestrife

If you are lucky you may also still find a specialist of chalk grassland - the Autumn lady's-tresses in flower.

Meadows (neutral) and flood plain grasslands: Meadows are likely to have now been grazed for several weeks. Grasses have an Autumn surge of growth and the white flowers of yarrow, with its feathery highly dissected leaves, may escape the cattle.

Acidic grasslands:

Heathlands: Colour is fading from the flowering heath plants. Where there is water hawker dragonflies are still dashing around with the occasional noisy clash of wings.

Mountain and Moorlands (uplands):

Rivers and ponds (including bogs and mires):Himalayan balsam, which has become a scourge of the river bank, is at its peak. This invasive introduction has spread widely along river corridors and smothers everything in its path. It is a tall pink flowered plant which may well be smelt before it is seen, as its pungent sweet sickly smell is powerful. It spreads its seeds by way of explosive seed pods which project their contents for several feet, sometimes into the river itself. It seems to like having its roots fairly wet.

A number of other waterside plants are also still in flower. Purple loosestrife (see photograph above) has striking spikes of pink flowers that penetrate the otherwise monotonous green river fringe. The white flowers of greater bindweed and the umbellifer wild angelica attract honey bees and hoverflies. The yellow flowers of bird's-foot trefoil and yellow loosestrife can also be found growing in dense stands of vegetation in damp marshy ground.


	Himalayan balsam

Sea and the sea shore (including estuaries): On the estuaries the waders and wild fowl are returning from their summer breeding grounds. They now sport their winter plumage which is generally grey where it was previously coloured brown etc. One of the largest waders is the curlew, with its distinctive call, along with the piping black and white oystercatchers with their long straight orange bills.

Mammals: Even though hedgehogs are starting to build up body reserves for their winter hibernation, late litters of young are common in September, especially if previous litter has not survived. Unfortunately these youngsters are less likely to survive the winter than those born in early summer. Earthworms beetles, slugs and snails are pursued by hedgehogs now with added vigour. Do not be tempted to give hedgehogs milk and bread as this is unsuitable, but rather if you can afford it put out meaty pet food.

Birds: With the massive movement of birds this is the time to visit the famous haunts of the twitchers and more casual bird watchers. As well as birds flying south from colder climes (such as Greenland and Scandinavia) and those departing to the warmer southern hemisphere, a number of birds that do not regularly breed in Britain, can be seen as they pass through (passage migrants) and some turn up unexpectedly as they are blown off their normal routes, even form as far away as the USA. It is hard to always know when you see birds in numbers at this time of the year whether they are passage migrants rather than residents of the same species.

The best birding sites to see the migration are coastal areas where large blocks of land for promontories such as North Norfolk (The Wash and the bird reserves to the east), Spurn Head and Flamborough (Humberside). When it is stormy with on shore winds the birds tend to hang around rather than cross the sea. These conditions may provide the best time to watch birds. Keep an eye on the birding web sites or even (depending on your twitchiness and the depth of your wallet) get birding alerts on your mobile.

Amphibians & Reptiles: This month and last is when the smooth snake young are 'born'. They are instantly self sufficient. Smooth snakes are very rare and are confined to lowland heaths in southern England.

Insects: Many butterflies are still on the wing from the second or third hatchings. However they may well be ragged and this is their last month as adults. The browns and skipper species that feed on grass whilst caterpillars can be found in hedgerows, field edges and grasslands. The male gatekeeper (a member of the brown family) sets up territories along hedges where the nectar bearing plants of marjoram, mint, wood sage and bramble attract the adults. The attractive wall butterfly can be found basking in the sun on rocks and stones. It will actually fly ahead along a path and settle only to fly again in a way that makes it feel like you are chasing it.


	common blue (female)		speckled wood (member of the brown family)

Plants: Many plants have or are setting seeds. Creeping thistles and rosebay willow-herb plants are sending out fluffy seed umbrella like structures to carry the seed by the wind to a new location.

Fungi - fungi can be found throughout the year but damp a September and October will give rise to a multitude of fruiting bodies yielding billions of spores to spread the species far and wide.